Bit clearing mechanism for an empty list

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for managing packet memory is provided. The apparatus includes an empty list, a storage buffer and apparatus for updating the storage buffer and empty list. The empty list includes a multiplicity of single bit buffers. The storage buffer includes a multiplicity of contiguous buffers, wherein each single bit buffer is associated with one of the contiguous buffers. The state of the bit of a single bit buffer indicates the empty or full state of the associated contiguous buffer and the address of a contiguous buffer is a simple function of the address or number of its associated single bit buffer. The updating apparatus stores data in and removes data from the contiguous buffers and correspondingly updates the states of the associated single bits buffers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/701,793, filed Nov. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,674, which application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/861,649, filed May 22, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,278, which application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/129,444, filed Jul. 30, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,240,065, which application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/779,063, filed Jan. 7, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,042. The disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to network switches generally and to their apparatus for managing packet memory in particular.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A network switch creates a network among a plurality of end nodes, such as workstations, and other network switches connected thereto. Each end node is connected to one port of the network. The ports also serve to connect network switches together.

Each end node sends packets of data to the network switch which the switch then routes either to another of the end nodes connected thereto or to a network switch to which the destination end node is connected. In the latter case, the receiving network switch routes the packet to the destination end node.

Each network switch has to temporarily store the packets of data which it receives from the units (end node or network switch) connected to it while the switch determines how, when and through which port to retransmit the packets. Each packet can be transmitted to only one destination address (a “unicast” packet) or to more than one unit (a “multicast” or “broadcast” packet). For multicast and broadcast packets, the switch typically stores the packet only once and transmits multiple copies of the packet to some (multicast) or all (broadcast) of its ports. Once the packet has been transmitted to all of its destinations, it can be removed from the memory or written over.

It is common that some ports are more active than others. Thus, some ports receive most of the packets while other ports receive few of the packets. Therefore, the busier ports have longer backlogs than the other ports. To effectively operate, the network switch must actively manage the memory in which the packets are stored, noting which packets are to be shipped to which ports and which portions of memory are currently available. One common method for managing the memory is to provide a fixed buffer per port.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide improved apparatus and method for managing the memory in which the incoming packets are stored.

There is therefore provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, apparatus including an empty list, a storage buffer and apparatus for updating the storage buffer and empty list. The empty list includes a multiplicity of single bit buffers. The storage buffer includes a multiplicity of contiguous buffers, wherein each single bit buffer is associated with one of the contiguous buffers. The state of the bit of a single bit buffer indicates the empty or full state of the associated contiguous buffer and the address of a contiguous buffer is a simple function of the address or number of its associated single bit buffer. The updating apparatus stores data in and removes data from the contiguous buffers and correspondingly updates the states of the associated single bits buffers.

The method of the present invention associates the empty list with the storage buffer such that the address of each contiguous buffer is a simple function of the address or number of its associated single bit buffer and the state of the bit of a single bit buffer indicates the empty or full state of the associated contiguous buffer. The method also stores data in and removes data from the contiguous buffers and correspondingly updates the states of the associated single bits buffers.

Additionally, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the contiguous buffers are large enough to store at least a packet of data. The contiguous buffers also can store multicast bits which, when set, indicate through which port the data stored in the contiguous buffer has to be transmitted.

Finally, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the memory management unit includes a bit clearing unit which considers a group of single bit buffers at a time. Per group of buffers, the bit clearing unit determines if any bits stored in the group of single bit buffers remain set during a predetermined length period T (the set state of a single bit indicates the full state of the associated contiguous buffer). Alternatively, the bit clearing unit keeps a running sum of the number of single bit buffers that remained set during period T, and compares the running sum to a predetermined threshold of maximum allowed set single bit buffers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a memory management apparatus, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustration of a bit clearing mechanism forming part of the memory management apparatus of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a memory management apparatus, constructed and operative in accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustration of an alternative preferred embodiment of a bit clearing mechanism forming part of the memory management apparatus of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Reference is now made to FIG. 1 which schematically illustrates the memory management apparatus of the present invention. The apparatus comprises an empty list 10 and its associated multiple buffer 12, an empty list controller 14, a direct memory access (DMA) controller 16 and a switch manager 18. FIG. 1 also shows the ports 20 to and from which the packets of data pass and a bit clearing mechanism 21.

In accordance with the present invention, the buffer 12 comprises a multiplicity of contiguous buffers 22, each of M bits and large enough to store, for example, at least one packet of 1518 bytes. For example, M might be 1.5K or 1536 bytes. Alternatively, each buffer 22 might hold many packets.

Furthermore, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the empty list 10 is a buffer of single (0 or 1) bits 24, each associated with one of the buffers 22. FIG. 1 shows 12 of each of buffers 22 and single bit buffers 24; typically, there will be 1024 or more of each of buffers 22 and single bit buffers 24.

Buffers 24 store the value of 1 when their associated buffer 22 stores a not-yet retransmitted packet and a 0 when their associated buffer 22 is free to be written into. The buffers 22 and bits 24 are associated as follows: the address of the beginning of a buffer 22 is M times the address (or number) of the single bit buffer 24 associated therewith. In other words, for M=1.5K, the buffer 22 labeled 3 begins at address 4.5K and the buffer 22 labeled 0 begins at address 0. Alternatively, the first buffer 22 can begin at an offset K and thus, the address of the beginning of a buffer i is M times the address of the single bit buffer 24 associated therewith plus the offset K.

The memory management apparatus operates as follows: when a port 20 provides a packet, the DMA controller 16 requests the number of the next available buffer 22 from the empty list controller 14. Empty list controller 14 reviews the empty list 10 for the next available single bit buffer 24 whose bit has a 0 value. Empty list controller 14 then changes the bit value to 1, multiplies the address of next available buffer 24 by M (and adds an offset K if there is one) and provides the resultant address, which is the start location of the corresponding buffer 22, to DMA controller 16.

It will be appreciated that the present invention provides a very simple mechanism by which to determine and store the address of the next available buffer 22. The mechanism only requires one multiplication operation to determine the address and the address value is stored as a single bit (the value of buffer 24), rather than as a multiple bit address.

DMA controller 16 then enters the data from the incoming packet into the selected buffer 22. Once DMA controller 16 has finished entering the data, it indicates such to the switch manager 18 and also provides switch manager 18 with the destination and source end node addresses so that switch manager 18 can determine through which port to retransmit the packet. Empty list controller 14 provides the switch manager 18 with the number of the buffer 22 in which the packet is stored. Switch manager 18 can be any suitable switch manager, operating in accordance with any suitable principles of switch management. Relevant to the present invention is its control of the empty list and DMA controllers 14 and 16, respectively. To do so, switch manager 18 typically manages a list 30 of the single bit buffers 24 and the output ports through which the packets stored therein are to be retransmitted.

When switch manager 18 determines that a packet is to be retransmitted, manager 18 connects the relevant port 20 to the DMA controller 16 and indicates the port number to the DMA controller 16, multiplies the single bit buffer number associated with that packet (and adds the offset, if there is one) and provides DMA controller 16 with the resultant address of the buffer 22 in which the packet is stored. DMA controller 16 reads the data from the buffer 22 and provides the packet to the connected port 20.

For unicast packets, once the DMA controller 16 has finished transmitting the data of the selected buffer 22, DMA controller 16 indicates such to empty list controller 14 and includes in the indication the beginning address of the selected buffer 22. Empty list controller 14 then determines the buffer number of the selected buffer 22 and changes the bit value of the associated single bit buffer 24 to 0, thereby indicating that the selected buffer 22 is now available.

Buffers 22 are larger by at least N bits than the maximum amount of data to be stored therein. N is the number of ports connected to the switch plus the number of switches connected to the current switch. For example, N might be 46. The extra bits, labeled 32, are utilized, for multicast packets, to indicate the multiple ports through which the packet has to be transmitted.

When the multicast packet enters the switch, DMA controller 16 sets all of the bits 32 (since multicast packets are to be sent to everyone). After the DMA controller 16 has transmitted a packet, whose port number it receives from the switch manager 18, the DMA controller 16 indicates such to the empty list controller 14. If the packet is a multicast packet, the switch manager 18 indicates to the empty list controller 14 to read the N bits 32 to determine if any of them are set. If they are, empty list controller 14 indicates to DMA controller 16 to reset the bit associated with the port 20 through which the packet was sent. When the DMA controller 16 indicates that it has finished resetting the bit, the empty list controller 14 does not change the associated single bit buffer 24.

If the empty list controller 14 reads that only one bit is still set (i.e. the previous transmission was the last time the packet had to be transmitted), when the DMA controller 16 indicates that it has finished resetting the bit, the empty list controller 14 changes the bit value of the associated single bit buffer 24 to 0, thereby indicating that the associated buffer 22 is now available.

In the empty list 10, bits typically change as data is received and transmitted. However, it is possible for data not to be transmitted if there are some errors in the network, such as a port being broken or a switch being removed from the network. In any of these cases, the bits in the empty list 10 associated with those ports must be cleared or else the associated buffers 22 will never be rewritten.

Therefore, the present invention includes bit clearing mechanism 21 which reviews the activity of the bits in the single bit buffers 24 and clears any set bits (i.e. of value 1) which have not changed during a predetermined period T. The period T is typically set to be small enough to avoid wasting storage space for too long but large enough to avoid clearing a buffer before its turn for transmission has occurred.

Bit clearing mechanism 21 comprises a multiplexer 40 and a state reviewer 42. The multiplexer 40 connects, at one time, to a group of single bit buffers 24 and switches between groups of buffers every period T. State reviewer 42 reviews the state of the group of single bit buffers 24 to determine if all of the single bit buffers 24 changed from 1 to 0 at least once during the period T. If, at the end of period T, one or more bits in buffers 24 have remained in the set state (i.e. with value 1), the state reviewer 42 clears them to 0. Multiplexer 40 then connects to the next group of single bit buffers 24.

The operations of the bit clearing mechanism 21 are detailed in FIG. 2. Specifically, at each clock tick t_(i), the state reviewer 42 checks (step 50) each bit. If the bit has changed to 0, the bit is marked (step 52) as “changed”. Otherwise, nothing occurs. The process is repeated until the period T has ended (step 54).

At the end of the period T, the state reviewer 42 clears (step 56) any unchanged bits and the multiplexer 40 changes (step 58) the group. The process is repeated for the next time period T.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3 which is a schematic illustration of a memory management apparatus, constructed and operative in accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention. Similarly referenced numbers refer to similar elements.

The apparatus of FIG. 3 comprises, in addition to the elements described in respect to FIG. 1 hereinabove, a bit clearing mechanism 70. The bit clearing mechanism 70 comprises multiplexer 40, state reviewer 42 and additionally, a counter 72.

Similar to the operations for FIG. 1 hereinabove, the multiplexer 40 connects, at one time, to a group of single bit buffers 24 and switches between groups of buffers every period T₁. The state reviewer 42 reviews the state of the group of single bit buffers 24 to determine if all of the single bit buffers 24 in the group changed from 1 to 0 at least once during the period T₁. Bit buffers 24 which have changed states are marked as changed; bit buffers 24 that have remained in the set state, or unchanged, are not marked.

At the end of period T₁, the state reviewer 42 reviews the states of the group of single bit buffers 24, to determine if any of the bit buffers 24 have remained unmarked. The state reviewer 42 determines x, a total sum of unmarked bit buffers 24 in the group, and indicates x to the counter 72, which then increments a running sum p₁ of unchanged buffers by +x. If all the bit buffers 24 are marked, than running sum p₁ remains unchanged.

When the running sum p₁ is greater than a predetermined threshold P of maximum allowed unchanged buffers, the state reviewer 42 clears both the empty list 10 and counter 72, thereby clearing all the bit buffers 24 and resetting the running sum p₁ to 0. This has the effect of rebooting the switch.

Multiplexer 40 then connects to the next group of the single bit buffers 24 and repeats the bit determining/clearing process.

Once a cycle all the groups of the single bit buffers 24 in the empty list 10 has been completed, counter 72 resets the running sum p₁ to 0, and the cycle is repeated, starting with the first group reviewed.

The operations of the bit clearing mechanism 70 are detailed in FIG. 4. Specifically, at each clock tick t_(i), the state reviewer 42 checks (step 50) each bit. If the bit has changed to 0, the bit is marked (step 52) as “changed”. Otherwise, nothing occurs. The process is repeated (step 54) until the period T₁ has ended.

At the end of the period T₁, the state reviewer 42 determines (step 60) if one bit or more has remained unmarked. Counter 72 increments (step 62) running sum p₁ by +x, the total number unmarked buffers in the group. If all the bits have been marked, then p₁ remains unchanged. The state reviewer 42 then compares (step 64) running sum p₁ to threshold P. When the running sum p₁ is larger than threshold P, then the empty list controller 14 clears (step 66) all the bits buffers 24 in the empty list 10, and the counter 72 resets (step 67) running sum p₁ to 0.

The multiplexer 40 connects (step 68) to the next group. The process is repeated for the next time period T₁.

Once a cycle of all the groups in the empty list has been scanned, the counter 72 resets (step 69) running sum p₁ to 0 and the cycle is repeated, starting with the first group reviewed and commencing at the next time period T₁.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims which follow: 

1. A network switch comprising: a multiplicity of storage buffers for storing network packets; a multiplicity of state buffers each storing an availability state of a corresponding one of said multiplicity of storage buffers; an address and memory manager that receives a first network packet from one of a multiplicity of ports, and that stores said first network packet in one of said multiplicity of storage buffers based on said availability state of one of said multiplicity of state buffers; and a switch manager that selects another one of said multiplicity of ports for transmitting said first network packet.
 2. The network switch of claim 1 wherein said address and memory manager selects said one of said multiplicity of state buffers having an available state, determines a first address of one of said multiplicity of storage buffers based on said selected one of said multiplicity of state buffers, and stores said first network packet in said one of said multiplicity of storage buffers having said first address.
 3. The network switch of claim 2 wherein said first address is based on an identifier of said selected one of said multiplicity of state buffers.
 4. The network switch of claim 3 wherein said identifier comprises a second address in said multiplicity of state buffers.
 5. The network switch of claim 3 wherein each of said multiplicity of storage buffers has a predetermined size and is capable of storing said first network packet.
 6. The network switch of claim 5 wherein said address and memory manager generates said first address based on a product of said identifier and said predetermined size.
 7. The network switch of claim 5 wherein said predetermined size is selected based on a desired packet size and additional bits representing said multiplicity of ports, and wherein said address and memory manager selectively sets said additional bits to indicate corresponding ones of said multiplicity of ports for transmitting said first network packet.
 8. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said address and memory manager selectively resets said additional bits as said first network packet is transmitted by said corresponding ones of said multiplicity of ports.
 9. The network switch of claim 2 wherein said available state of said selected one of said multiplicity of state buffers is changed to a not-yet-transmitted state when selected by said address and memory manager, and wherein said not-yet-transmitted state is changed back to said available state after said switch manager completes transmission of said first network packet.
 10. The network switch of claim 2 wherein said address and memory manager comprises a direct memory access (DMA) controller that stores said first network packet at said first address.
 11. The network switch of claim 1 wherein said switch manager receives a destination address for said first network packet and selects said another one of said multiplicity of ports based on said destination address.
 12. The network switch of claim 1 wherein said multiplicity of storage buffers are contiguous.
 13. The network switch of claim 1 wherein said multiplicity of state buffers are contiguous.
 14. The network switch of claim 1 wherein each of said multiplicity of state buffers includes a single bit for storing a corresponding one of said availability states.
 15. The network switch of claim 1 wherein said availability states include a not-yet-transmitted state and an available state.
 16. The network switch of claim 1 wherein said address and memory manager monitors changes in status of said multiplicity of state buffers having a not-yet-transmitted state over a predetermined period.
 17. The network switch of claim 16 wherein said address and memory manager selectively resets at least one of said multiplicity of state buffers having said not-yet-transmitted state to an available state when said status is unchanged over the predetermined period.
 18. A method for operating a network switch comprising: storing network packets in a multiplicity of storage buffers; storing availability states of said multiplicity of storage buffers in corresponding ones of a multiplicity of state buffers; receiving a first network packet from one of a multiplicity of ports; storing said first network packet in one of said multiplicity of storage buffers based on said availability state of one of said multiplicity of state buffers; and selecting another one of said multiplicity of ports, by a switch manager, for transmitting said first network packet.
 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising: selecting one of said multiplicity of state buffers having an available state; determining a first address of one of said multiplicity of storage buffers based on said selected one of said multiplicity of state buffers; storing said first network packet in said one of said multiplicity of storage buffers having said first address.
 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising basing said first address on an identifier of said selected one of said multiplicity of state buffers.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein said identifier comprises a second address in said multiplicity of state buffers.
 22. The method of claim 20 wherein each of said multiplicity of storage buffers has a predetermined size and is capable of storing said first network packet.
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein said address and memory manager generates said first address based on a product of said identifier and said predetermined size.
 24. The method of claim 22 further comprising: selecting said predetermined size based on a desired packet size and additional bits representing said multiplicity of ports; and selectively setting said additional bits to indicate corresponding ones of said multiplicity of ports for transmitting said first network packet.
 25. The method of claim 24 further comprising selectively resetting said additional bits as said first network packet is transmitted by said corresponding ones of said multiplicity of ports.
 26. The method of claim 19 further comprising: receiving a destination address for said first network packet; and selecting said another one of said multiplicity of ports based on said destination address.
 27. The method of claim 19 wherein said available state of said selected one of said multiplicity of state buffers is changed to a not-yet-transmitted state when selected, and wherein said not-yet-transmitted state is changed to said available state after transmission of said first network packet is completed.
 28. The method of claim 19 wherein said multiplicity of storage buffers are contiguous.
 29. The method of claim 19 wherein said multiplicity of state buffers are contiguous.
 30. The method of claim 19 wherein each of said multiplicity of state buffers includes a single bit for storing a corresponding one of said availability states.
 31. The method of claim 19 wherein said availability states include a not-yet-transmitted state and an available state.
 32. The method of claim 19 further comprising monitoring changes in status of said multiplicity of state buffers having a not-yet-transmitted state over a predetermined period.
 33. The method of claim 32 further comprising selectively resetting at least one of said multiplicity of state buffers having said not-yet-transmitted state to an available state when said status is unchanged over the predetermined period. 